Case study on critical understanding of the treatment and sentencing Essay

Contextual investigation on basic comprehension of the treatment and condemning of youngsters - Essay Example The six components were articulated in the Morgan Report: Safer Communities: the Local Delivery of Crime Prevention through the Partnership Approach Home Office Standing Conference on Crime Prevention which were actualized by the 1998 Act. The six components can be summed up as follows: With regards to this order, the police include a choice inside the extension and scope of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 whether to arraign James. Under Section 65, the constable could have just cautioned and condemned James if James had no precursors or his confinement and arraignment would not be in the open interest.2 On the realities in any case, James has been arrested and the assumption is that the capturing official either knows about James’ having submitted past offenses or that his lead is to such an extent that detainment and indictment would not insult the open intrigue. Area 69 presents an Action Plan Order which is intended to help in the restoration of indicted youth wrongdoers. This strategy might be directed to James in the occasion he is indicted for ambush under the Offenses Against the Person Act. The Action Plan Order is accessible to any kid or youngster who is sentenced for an offense and the punishment isn't fixed by law. Area 42 of the Offenses Against the Person Act 1861 gives the condemning council choices of two months detainment as well as fines for a conviction in regard of normal attack or battery.3 Therefore the punishment for James’ offense isn't fixed by law and he is qualified for the Action Plan Order. By ideals of the Action Plan Order, James will be required to be under the oversight of an assigned official for a time of a quarter of a year following the date of the request. represent his lead and whereabouts for a quarter of a year starting from the date of the order.4 The condemning court may likewise make a Reparation Order under Section 67 of the Crime

World War 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War 2 - Essay Example Roosevelt went into the gathering with the motivation of attempting to impact the Soviet Union to participate in the war in the Pacific where the United States practically without any help battled Japan. He was of the conviction that if Russia somehow happened to enter the war on its side, at that point it would be a lot simpler for the partners to overcome the Imperial military of Japan and power the last to give up. Roosevelt wanted to end the war with Japan with negligible American setbacks and the interest of the Soviet Union would have made this conceivable (Berthon and Potts285). Stalin, on account of his moderately solid position, pronounced that the main way that he would consent to announce war on Japan would be if the United States perceived the Mongolian Peoples Republic as an autonomous state and that the entirety of the islands which Russia had surrendered to Japan after their war in 1902, in particular the Kuril and Sakhalin Islands, were returned.These conditions were consented to by different members in the gathering and it has stayed disputable since the time since China, the greatest failure in their usage, was not counseled. Moreover, Roosevelt and Stalin agreed to keep the Korean landmass in one piece once the Soviet Union got associated with the Pacific field. Stalin consented to enter the war with Japan somewhere in the range of a quarter of a year after the fall of Germany so the Soviet Union might marshal itself adequate to enable the United States to attack the Japanese home domain. Stalin consented to the recommendation that the Soviet Union join the United Nations and this assurance was made sure about through the Soviet Union is one of the countries which had the veto power in the Security Council; guaranteeing that the entirety of the choices that it didn't concur with were blocked (Schlesinger185). During this gathering, the three chiefs consented to make ranges of prominence in the after war Europe with every one of them having zo nes to possess inside Germany and this understanding guaranteed that these three countries maintained their incomparability over the whole European mainland. All in all, the conversation above has indicated that the Yalta Conference was held by the Big Three, in an offer to examine the advancement of an after war request of Europe after the destruction of Germany.Each of the pioneers went into the meeting with their own plan and it ought to be noticed that before this gathering, the Soviet Union had accomplished extraordinary walks and was near catching the German capital, implying that Stalin was in a particularly solid situation in the Yalta gathering and the participants from Britain and the United States understood that they were in a feeble situation to contradict his requests.

Essay Examples That Use the Humanities

Essay Examples That Use the HumanitiesThere are some areas of studies that require the use of the humanities. When you choose a major, it is best to consider taking humanities courses as a way to add to your skill set. Many students find that the use of the humanities helps them to develop not only their writing skills but also their knowledge of the history and culture of the United States. However, when you are choosing a major or a career, you want to make sure that you have the knowledge necessary to choose a major that will fit your skills and interests.Humanities courses can help with many fields including teaching, social work, psychology, and other areas of study related to human resources. Writing is an essential skill for many areas of the humanities. It allows the student to analyze the written communication so they can find new ways to express ideas. The use of examples and other tools in writing to provide further evidence of the knowledge that is being used. Using examp les will help to show how other people may have expressed a similar thought or idea, making the writer more knowledgeable.The use of language in this type of education is something that should be understood by anyone who is learning this area of study. In order to write a persuasive essay, the use of academic language is necessary. If the student does not understand the benefits of using this type of writing, they are losing out on a great way to get an education.There are specific areas of writing that are covered in the humanities. One way that a writer can enhance the appeal of their essay is to use language that has some kind of historical meaning. As such, there are examples of essays written using this particular style of writing. By making reference to an important event in history, a writer can make sure that the ideas in their essay are original and not plagiarized.The use of examples in writing is a technique that is often overlooked in the essay samples that are available . While a student may have a good idea of how to use examples, they may not understand how an example actually applies to the information that they have. A good example is one that will show how the information that is being given will apply to the reader in some way. Students who do not understand the uses of examples may miss out on the most important aspects of their essay.By the use of research, an essay can show how an idea was put together. In order to learn how to use research properly, it is important to understand the different forms of it. The different types of research are: archival, discursive, and database. These all allow for the collection of data or information.One of the best aspects of the humanities is the ability to find information and find a solution. Most essay samples allow for the use of examples, which help to illustrate how this can be done. However, students need to remember that the examples in an essay sample are designed to help the writer highlight t he information that they have in a short amount of time. In order to maximize the use of these essays, students need to make sure that they have the idea of what they need to include in their essay.It is always important to use the ideas and information that are provided in the essay samples that are available. Sometimes, when there is no clear idea, students must follow the lead of the examples in order to find the information that they need. The use of this particular type of essay is not as important as the overall idea that the writer is trying to convey in their essay. The use of the skills required to use the humanities is something that can provide the type of education that many students seek.

Reconstruction Of A Crime Scene Through Forensic...

Abstract Each day forensic investigators are introduced to crime scenes with absolutely no idea of how the crime came to be. Forensic science has developed in several ways and with very little information an investigator can interpret the actions of the chain of events in a crime. Forensic investigators have developed a protocol and preferred methods on how to search for evidence, how to gather evidence and last how to document it so that it is ready to be presented in trial. Reconstruction of a Crime Scene Through Forensic Investigation Introduction Every day thousands of investigators work around the clock to piece together evidence and solve puzzles through vague clues left at a crime scene. According to the United States Census Bureau there is a death every 13 seconds. Obviously not all of these are homicides, questionable suicides or badly decayed unattended deaths. But the large amount of crime scenes found do require a story to be told when the only party present is dead. The most skilled of investigators will tell one that the dead do still tell a story after they pass away and this in some sense is true. This paper is going to discuss the process and steps involved in deciphering a crime scene to tell accurate facts and eventually lead to either a conviction or closure. (Lee, Palmbach, Miller, 2001) Explains that it is not difficult to train crime scene investigators. There are two main scenarios that will require the finest of forensic investigations,Show MoreRelatedForensic Photography1676 Words   |  7 PagesForensic Photography Keith A. Milligan English Composition II Sarah Bowman April 26, 2010 Forensic Photography In today’s world, crime scene investigation has become a very intricate part of solving crimes. With all the television shows centered on crime scene investigators, as well as forensics, the whole country is infatuated with murders and crime scenes. However, just how many people know the details of an actual crime scene investigation? Does anyone know the tools used by the professionalsRead MoreCrime Scene Reconstruction1438 Words   |  6 PagesKristin Waters Crime Scene Reconstruction ENC 1102-154 Reconstructing a crime scene takes a lot of effort from experienced law enforcement, medical examiners, and criminalists. All of these professionals give unique perspectives to develop a crime-scene reconstruction. Forensic scientists also play a vital role in helping to reconstruct the crime scene. They use the crime-scene reconstruction to show events that occurred prior to, during, and after a crime was committed. (Saferstein, 2009) Read MoreForensic Science: Stopping the Crime Essays1587 Words   |  7 Pages Forensic Science, recognized as Forensics, is the solicitation of science to law to understand evidences for crime investigation. Forensic scientists are investigators that collect evidences at the crime scene and analyse it uses technology to reveal scientific evidence in a range of fields. 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The realities of an investigation though differ from these TV shows immensely. In reality, there are certain responsibilities an investigator must go through to achieve the evidence needed to prosecute the offenderRead MoreHow Technological Advancements Have Influenced Forensic Investigators3289 Words   |  14 Pagesgenerated, stored and distributed through digital gadgets. This requires investigators and forensic expert to increase the use of digital evidence gathering as a tool to fight against cyber-cr ime (International competition network, n.d.). There are several process and challenges found during examining process. 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ConcludingRead MoreForensic Science And The Criminal Investigation Essay2138 Words   |  9 PagesFor the past twenty years, the criminal investigation process along with forensic science have united to the prosecution and defense of criminal cases. For the application of science and technology has become an important role in the investigation and judgement of cr imes committed. The value of forensic science has had a major impact on the outcomes of a criminal investigation, with also leading to a higher number of convictions. Forensic science started as a singular subject and with the help ofRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Fields982 Words   |  4 Pagesenormous amount of research on many of the fields of criminal justice narrowing it down to three: Forensics, Probation/ Parole and Homeland Security. For me personally, these are the best three choices given their potential for being challenging. Forensic science is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. Forensics is used in place of forensic science in modern times and is considered to be an effective synonym for â€Å"legal† or â€Å"related to

Quick and Easy Alum Crystal Growing Project

Are you looking for an easy, safe, reliable crystal-growing project? These alum crystals may be the easiest crystals you can grow. Why This Project Rocks Non-toxic crystal (alum is a spice)Uses hot tap water, not boiling waterEasy to do—mix and waitExtremely reliable results—crystals will growOnly requires a few hours for good crystal growthResults in crystals large enough to pick up and examine Grow Easy Alum Crystal To grow these crystals you will need: 1/2 cup hot tap water2 1/2 tablespoons alum Simply stir the alum into the water and wait for crystals to grow. Alum crystals usually are visible within a half an hour and reach a good size within a few hours. Its that easy! When the crystals are to your liking, use a fingernail to scrape them off the side of your container. You can examine them and keep them.

Russi Children With Disabilities Face Violence, Neglect

â€Å"Russia: Children with Disabilities Face Violence, Neglect.† hrw. Human Rights Watch, 15 Sept. 2014. Web. 8 Jan. 2016. The article titled, â€Å"Russia: Children with Disabilities Face Violence, Neglect† (8. Jan. 2014) from the Human Rights Watch website asserts that the rights of disabled children are suppressed as they are often admitted to the terrible living conditions of an orphanage or institution, despite Russia’s recent governmental effort to address such rights. The Human Rights Watch article proves this claim by describing the abuse, malnutrition, and bad living conditions that they witnessed and documented first hand when visiting Russian orphanages and institutions, even after Russia implemented the National Action Strategy†¦show more content†¦In my paper, this will help to add a personal factor through the appeal to pathos, as well as a reference or comparison to the Human Right Watch’s opinion. Woods, Summer. â€Å"Isolated: Disabled Children in Russia’s Education System.† hrbrief. Human Rights Brief, 29 Oct. 2015. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. Author Summer Woods, in her article, â€Å"Isolated: Disabled Children in Russia’s Education System† (29 October 2015) argues that disabled children in Russia are excluded from many educational opportunities and are often discriminated against because of stereotypes, despite the fact that Russia ratified the Convention on the Rights of Disabilities in 2012. Woods supports her claim further by supplying specific examples of prejudice seen within the school systems, that of which were mainly gathered by the Human Rights Watch corporation. Summer Woods wishes to convey the importance of eliminating false stereotypes as well as diminishing barriers that keep a disabled child from attending school in order to allow equal educational opportunities that can ultimately mold a child s future for the better. The auth ors audience likely consists of those interested in the broad idea rights for the disabled as is seen through her consistent references to the Human Rights Watch, providing a tone that is both factual and informed. Through showing factual evidence of the unequal educational rights in

Societe Generale - Kerviels Trade free essay sample

The control environment includes the actions, policies and procedures and the way of implementation its strategies and overall attitude. For better understanding and assessing the control environment the following subcomponents should be taken into consideration (text book page no. 275): 1. Active integrity and promotion of ethical values 2. Commitment and competence 3. The Board of Directors or Audit Committee participation 4. Management philosophy and operating style 5. Organization structure 6. Human resource policies and practices 7. Methods of assigning authority and responsibility 8. Management control methods 9. System development methodology 10. Management reaction to external influences 11. Internal audit b. Segregation of duties: Segregation of duties is the vital part of the control activities in individual transaction cycle. Segregation of duties is an effective part of internal control as it reduces the risk of misstatement and inappropriate of actions and it also protect and discourage the fraud. Under segregation of duties the following functions should be done by different employees: i. Authorization/Approval ii. Record keeping iii. Assets custody. The basic concept of segregation of duties is to distribution of the following works among different employees like initiate transaction, approve transaction, record transaction, handle assets and review monitor reports. c. Restricted Access: Restricted Access refers to the control of physical and logical access control of data and documents so that accountability and specific responsibility can be established. Restricted access reflects the organization attitude towards segregation of duties. An effective access policies and practices can make restricted access rights and can also select the authorized individual with designation who is authorized to approve access right. Restricted access can prevent or minimize the unauthorized interference to programs or data based documents. Restricted access also reduces the opportunity to gather undue information to communicate others or otherwise make use of any information. d. Preventative and Detective controls: The preventative and detective control works as means of tools of reduction the risk of fraud of an organization. An effective combination of preventative and detective measures discourage the employees to commit fraud and reduce the risk of fraud as well. Preventative control focuses on preventing errors through implementing standard policy and procedures by the management of an organization. Segregation of duties, proper authorization/approval system act as a preventative controls against fraud. Detective controls are designed to identify an errors or frauds after it has been occurred. Analyzing and reviewing of various reports helps in detecting errors. Reconciliation and periodic audits also act as an effective detective controls. An effective and preventative program and controls discourage employees to commit fraud because there is possibility of detection fraud and penalty. e. Design and Operating Effectiveness: Design effectiveness refers to the control designed by the management of an organization covering the identified risk of an organization. Before designing an effective control, management take into consideration the nature of the business and the control environment to cover up the specified and identified risks. If the designed control is separated effectively, it can measure the results of the designed effort and check the identified risks. Operating effectiveness: Operating effectiveness refers to the working worthiness of designed control. It measures the effectiveness of designed control whether it is operating consistently. Design effectiveness depends on the outcome of operating effectiveness and how far it serves the purpose of reduction the control risks persistently and effectively. Question 2 The term â€Å"Tone at the top† in typically associated with a firm’s control environment. How would you characterize Societe Generale’s tone at the top and what effect do you believe that had an oversight at the trading- desk level? Answer: Tone at the top refers to the ethical behavior that is set by the management in the organization. Honesty and integrity by management reinforces honesty and integrity in employees throughout the organization. Whatever tone set by management to upholds ethics and integrity within the organization, employee tends to uphold those same values. Jerome Kerviel was assigned to the â€Å"Delta One† desk which was in low risk and low return trades. Kerviel, during his first five years at the bank worked in the back office and gathered experience on all sorts of trading and internal control system. Based on that he made fake trades into the system to offset his real trades but, the management had no mechanism to detect factitious entries. One high official admitted that they never thought that they might have any problem with delta one. In the case it was also seen that Kerviel increased his fraudulent positions after the resignation of his direct manager. The manager was replaced after two and half months, so there was little control over the risk. According to internal inspection report, throughout the period when Kerviel concealed fake trades, there was absent of certain controls that might have identified the fraud. The back office staff did not inform superior because they thought that this was not a part of their job description. On the other hand bank controllers were instructed to monitor only the net rather than gross, risk exposures of the Delta One trader’s activities. â€Å"Kerviel was accused of stealing computer passwords, sending fake email message and illegally accessing the bank computer system to exceed trading limits and cover up his actions.

Antibiotics And Children Essays - Medicine, Health,

Antibiotics And Children A very important issue concerning the children of today is the excess prescribing of antibiotics and the dangers that are being created. Everyday, more and more children are being prescribed any easy solution to a very tough problem. There is a constant push from pharmaceutical companies, parents, and massive marketing companies to try the next antibiotic remedy, but as we look towards the future and the diseases that can be created by this quick fix, we should turn to our attention to alternatives remedies. What is so terrible about this situation is that the worst-case scenario of the effects of the mass doses of antibiotics they ingest is an untreatable bacterium that is immune to the treatments we are aware of. That may not sound so bad until you think about the number of children around the world that could die from this bacterium. It would most definitely be a catastrophic event if a portion of the earth's population at that early of an age were to be erased. It would be a human-induced bubonic plague of the twenty-first century and it is really not that far from becoming a reality. In a study done in 1992, there were over sixty million different oral antibiotic prescriptions were giving to people under the age of fifteen years old (Napoli). The extensiveness of antibiotic options coupled with their widespread use in pediatric patients highlight the importance of pharmacists having a thorough familiarity with pediatric antibiotic therapy. Also, problems may arise in treating children under the age of two because of their immature immune system, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for pediatric use of many antibiotics and limited data supporting therapy courses of less than ten days (Napoli). Also, an added complication of the treatment of the patient is the willingness, ability to follow the regimen, and the understanding of the importance of completing the therapy. Before filling the prescription for the appropriate medication, physicians need to be aware of common pediatric infections and their recommended antibiotic therapy. It is important to remember that most upper respiratory infections are viral and that antibiotics would be futile in the attempt to treat such an infection (Berger). This will only strengthen the resistance of bacterial pathogens, limiting the efficacy of the available antibiotic treatments. Common pediatric infections include otitis media (OM), skin and skin-structure infections, pharyngitis, bronchitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Napoli). Most antibiotic prescriptions that are issued each year go to children under the age of six. This is also the age group that is most susceptible to the high-resistance strain of bacteria (Drugs and Biotech). Recently, bacteria that commonly infect children and adults (like streptococcus pneumonia and staph) have become progressively resistant to antibiotics (Napoli). Widespread, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has created highly resistant bacteria. Some children who could normally be treated with a single course of antibiotics have to be treated with two or more courses. Some who could have been previously treated with an oral antibiotic at home now have to be admitted to hospitals and treated with intravenous antibiotics (More Drugs ?). Infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria are much more common in high income, white, suburban children under the age of 6, who have received an antibiotic in the last three months and attend childcare (More Drugs ?). These children are much more likely to visit their doctor and are at greater risk of receiving an antibiotic than populations that are medically underserved (Drugs and Biotech). As stated before, antibiotics are effective only in bacterial infections and not in viral infections. If you take one hundred children with a fever, on average ninety of them will have a viral infection and ten of them a bacterial one (Berger). Unfortunately, antibiotics will do nothing to lessen the symptoms or to hasten the resolution of the viral infections. The problem could be easily solved if the doctors would just explain this to the parents instead of letting them push for more and more antibiotics (More Drugs ?). In fact, studies show that doctors are more likely to prescribe an antibiotic when the parent pushes for that drug. Parents, on the other hand, say that doctors are not taking the time to explain when children

Legalizing drugs or not essays

Legalizing drugs or not essays The question to legalize drugs is not a hard one. Drugs are one of the most common used illicit items in the United States today. Legalizing drugs or not has been questioned and discussed so often on television, books, and newspapers. Gore Vidal noted in Drugs Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. However, simply because of the lack of researching and the misunderstanding of the usage and effect of drugs, the writer misdirected his readers on the issue of drug legalization. First of all, writer pointed out that marijuana is actually not dangerous. However, earlier research has found that smoking marijuana increases the chance of developing cancer of the head or neck. In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco smoke does. People who smoke marijuana inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, unquestionably, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco and cause great damage to the body which rejects the writers idea of marijuana is not dangerous. The writer also stated that marijuana is not addictive. Experts who worked on the Center for substance Abuse Treatment project consider however consider marijuana both psychologically and physiologically addictive. Over 52 percent of the youthful marijuana users who were involved in this project were shown to have dependence problem after using marijuana which rejects writers idea of marijuana as non-addictive substances and proves that the writer is misleading his reader on the drug legalization issue. As many would probably point out that the United State was the creation of men who believed that each man has the right to do what he wants with his own life ...

Specialized Patrol Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Specialized Patrol Functions - Essay Example They also leave themselves open to critics who say they go too far in their activities resulting in a hostile community where people exist in a police state. Narcotics law enforcement is one of the biggest uses of a special force. The members of these units are trained in drug identification as well as knowledge of the drug business in a regional area. The duties often involve undercover work to initiate a buy or get information on drug activity. According to the FBI, "Law enforcement officers often employ trickery and deception to catch those involved in criminal activity" (Kukura 1993). Kukura further states that the Supreme Court has upheld these tactics as legal. This may be effective at prosecuting international drug suspects or child pornographers. However, when it is used against small time drug users in local neighborhoods it can result in a community backlash of racism or injustice. Gang activity in our major cities has grown to epidemic proportions. To effectively investigate and prosecute gang activity necessitates a specialized unit that understands the gang mentality and the law enforcement tools that are available to reduce gang activity. Police need information about members' names, ages, modes of transportation, spending patterns, and the political climate of the neighborhoods they operate in (Bureau of Justice 1997).

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility Essay

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility - Essay Example Aristotle believes that every human being has a responsibility for his or her actions, something that makes others reasonably praise, blame or even punish him or her; he shows this by pointing out various conditions, which lessen or even cancel this responsibility. He converses force of occurrences, threats, along with coercion, bad character, ignorance and intoxication. Taken together, his version shows the basic concepts involved in being a person who ends up getting reasonably praised or blamed. The primary limitation concerning voluntary action is the force of circumstances. Aristotle gives an example about a ship caught in a storm; in this case, the sailors have to throw goods overboard to avoid the sinking of the ship. Here, the action is not entirely voluntary; therefore the sailors are not to blame for their actions. On the other hand, the storm is not to blame for the undesirable outcome, which is the loss of the goods, since it is a natural event that no one is responsible. Another example is the case whereby my friend accidentally pushes me as a result of getting pushed by a bully; here, she is not to blame considering that it was not here intention to push me, rather, she got pushed, and as a result, ended up pushing me. These cases are extreme instances of the force of necessity whereby we always live and always get forced into our actions by natural facts, though we only notice this when the force happens to be sudden or unexpected (Williams 25). In reality, the interference of other people is what causes us the most grief, which in turn causes problems when it comes to responsibility attributions. This interference tends to take many forms; however, its paradigmatic forms happen to be coercion and manipulation. Concerning coercion, the judgment by Aristotle get balanced since it is dependent on what act my coercer is demanding from me, as well as the threats he is making. On the other hand, there are some actions, which tend to be extremely heino us that we must be blamed for carrying them out, whatever a person gets threatened with, together with whatever blame also tends to be attached to the coercer; hence Aristotle dismisses the thought that a man may be compelled to killing his mother (Williams 45). Apparently, a central issue at stake when it comes to attributions of responsibility happens to be the expectations that people have each other. Although there are some kinds of coercion that we do not normally expect people to oppose, there are also some forms of action that people should never embark on, regardless of such features. In these cases praise, together with blame tends to work on clarifying and to reinforce these expectations through the provision of a form of moral education. What determines appropriate or immoral character happens to be the manner in which a person reacts when he discovers the truth or failing to regret their deeds, then they can be blamed, albeit the original choice being justifiable. Accord ing to Aristotle, our praise and blame is in most cases, not about an individual act; rather, it is about the character of the one who acted. Importantly, not every form of ignorance gets excused since moral knowledge happens to be extremely distinctive from factual knowledge (Echenique 49). However, if a person tends to be morally ignorant, he or she ends up being unable to choose well; here, Aristotle grants that the majority of people of settled villainous character, whether they are morally ignorant or otherwise, are

Analysis And Evaluation Of Change In Avon

Analysis And Evaluation Of Change In Avon The main aim of this report is to investigate an organisation that is undergoing major strategic change. Firstly the report will describe the change that has been adopted. It will then evaluate the effectiveness of the change strategy in terms of the organisations structure, culture and politics. Finally the report will recommend and evaluate an integrated change strategy based on the three aspects. 2.0 A background of the organisation The organisation that has been selected is Avon Cosmetics Limited. Avon is a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products. The company markets to women in more than 100 countries through more than 5 million independent Avon sales representatives. Product categories include: Beauty, which consists of cosmetics, fragrances, skincare and toiletries; Beauty Plus, which consists of fashion jewellery, watches, etc and Beyond Beauty, which consists of home products, gift and decorative products, candles and toys. (Avon, 2008 and Keynote, 2007) Avons company profile has been explored further in appendix 1 2.1 The meanings and theories of strategic change According to Lynch (2000, p921), Strategic change is the pro-active management of change in organisations to achieve clearly identified strategic objectives. It may be undertaken using either prescriptive or emergent strategic approaches. On the other hand Mintzberg et al. (2003) give five definitions of strategy and they are: a plan, a ploy, a pattern, a position and a perspective. It somehow agrees with Hayes (2002, p58) who states that a change strategy is essentially a plan to make things happen. It needs to address all the things that have to be done to bring about the change. However De Wit and Meyer (2004, cited in Hughes, 2006) emphasise that not all change is strategic and that much is operational. Operational changes are necessary to maintain the business and organizational systems, whereas strategic changes are directed at renewing them. 2.2 Avons strategic change Avons vision statement is to: To be the company that best understands and satisfies the product service and self-fulfilment needs of women globally According to Mintel (2006), the make-up market is growing fast in terms of fashion trends and has attracted many new brands over the past ten years. The cosmetic industry is very lucrative, innovative and fast paced industry. Therefore Avon has to watch the economy and rely on their brands. Being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products, Avon has been through several changes since it was founded in 1886. For over 120 years, Avon has been devoted to empowering women by helping them to look good and feel beautiful. The major strategic change is to: à ¢- ª Commit on brand competitiveness by investing millions in research and development on product innovation and increase advertising; à ¢- ª Re-design the organizational structure to eliminate layers of management in order to take full advantage of the global scale and size; and à ¢- ª Build a better tomorrow for women across the world both through representative earnings and helping millions of women to become entrepreneurs and run their own business. (Avon, 2008) (MultiChannel Marketing, 2007) It is suggested by Johnson and Scholes (2002) that we need to understand the magnitude of the challenge faced in trying to effect strategic change. In order to diagnose the strategic change within Avon, it is useful to consider the type of change that is required. In order to identify the type of change that has been adopted within Avon, we will use the model from Balogun and Hailey (1999, cited in Johnson and Scholes, 2002, p536, exhibit 11.2). Looking at Avons strategic change, it is quite clear that the nature of change will be incremental as it will build on the skills, routines and beliefs of those in the organization and the scope of change will be realignment as it will occur within the organizational beliefs and assumptions. The type of strategic change here will be adaptation as it will be accommodated within the current paradigm. Johnson et al. (2005) go to say that we need to consider the wider context in which change is to occur by understanding the organizational structure, culture, politics and the specific forces that will block and facilitate the change process. However there are other contextual characteristics that also need to be considered before embarking on a programme of change. They are: preservation, diversity, capability, capacity, readiness and power. 2.3 Organisational structure The effectiveness of change efforts is largely determined on how an organization is structured. In a world that is perpetually changing, an organisations design must support the idea that the implementation and re-implementation of a strategy is a continuous process. However, a number of traditional organizational design features tend to discourage change. (Lawler and Worley, 2006) According to Carnall (1999), an ideal organization structure will provide the right balance of information, power and resources to support the various activities within the organization in achieving its objectives. Appendix 2 shows the organisational structure of Avon and describes how it influences the identity and corporate image of the organization. It is clearly evident that Avon has been building bonds with women around the world by offering them a dynamic earnings opportunity to achieve economic independence, accomplish their financial goals and transform their lives. As a top global brand and world leader in beauty and related products, Avon continues to revolutionize the beauty industry by launching innovative, first-to-market products using Avon-patented technology. It also allows Avon a more direct response from consumers and allows them to sell their products without the expensive and lengthy process of getting it into traditional channels. Direct selling/marketing presents many benefits to consumers including avoiding hassles of traffic congestion, parking, lack of time, shortage of retail help and waiting at checkouts. (Wilkinson et al. 2007) Consumers can browse through Avon broch ures in the comfort of their home. 2.4 Organisational culture Just as the structure of Avon should fit the particular strategy it wishes to follow, so should its culture. An organisations culture is its deeply rooted traditions, values and beliefs. (Stacey, 2003) Bradt (2008) states that a winning company culture is simple and emphasizes three areas: serving the customer, growing the business, and developing employees. Whereas a losing culture is confusing and complex, places customer needs behind those of the company, and emphasizes personal gain over team achievement. Sopow (2007) goes on to say that there are high levels of mistrusts, poor communication and strong resistance if an organisations culture is unhealthy. Appendix 3 illustrates Avons organizational culture by using the cultural web model from Johnson and Scholes (2002, p232, fig 5.8). It is suggested by Cameron and Green (2004) that organizations should only involve themselves in culture change if the current culture does not adequately support the achievement of strategic objectives. Avons organizational culture in appendix 3 clearly indicates that the strategic change will be accommodated within the current paradigm and will occur within Avons beliefs and assumptions. 2.5 Organisational Politics In order to investigate the strategic change, it might be useful to regard corporations as political organizations and see strategy and change as part of internal politics within Avon. (Diedenbach, 2007) Johnson et al. (2005) states that there are two views of politics, one being healthy and the other one being unhealthy. While politics ensures that change is questioned and assessed, it also gets out of hand by showing a lack of commitment to a common vision and objectives. Morgan (1986, cited in Cameron and Green, 2004, p89) comments that Many people hold the belief that business and politics should be kept apart. However he contradicts this belief and this has been explored further in appendix 4. The most fundamental question from appendix 4 is whom should Avon be there for to serve? (Johnson et al. 2005) According to Joyce (1999), a stakeholder analysis requires you to identify the stakeholders, how they influence the organization, what the organization needs from each stakeholder and the stakeholders needs and expectations. Through the concept of organisational stakeholders, this question has been addressed in appendix 5. The analysis confirms the statement made by Andrea Jung, Avons Chairman and CEO Avons impeccable reputation is built upon a proud heritage of doing well by doing right. For more than a century, we have been setting the very highest example of integrity and ethics in all of our relationships with our shareholders, associates and Representatives; our suppliers and competitors; governments and the public. Our values and principles are the bedrock not only of Avons past but of its future. Avon was the first company to advertise, not tested on animals back in 1989 3.0 Evaluation of the proposed strategy The report has so far evaluated the effectiveness of the change strategy in terms of Avons organizational structure, culture and politics. It was found that the major strategic change does relate to the objectives of the organization and matches the organisationss capability, including its structure, culture and politics. However, being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products and a direct selling organisation, Avon is faced with several challenges. According to Wilkinson et al. (2007), direct selling activities vary fairly significantly from country to country. From appendix 1 and 2, we have established that Avons businesses are based on geographical operations in six regions and serving consumers in well over 100 countries. There are many factors to be considered and this involves understanding the market segment, competition, consumer behaviour, government rules and regulations, technological and social background. All of this is actually the external environment, which will either propel or halt the growth of business and so significant consideration needs to be given to them. Some of the competitive pressures that have been identified by Hill (2002) are cost reductions and local responsiveness. In terms of local responsiveness, pressures arise from a number of sources including: differences in consumer tastes and preferences, differences in infrastructure and traditional practices, differences in distribution channels and host government demands. Goll et al. (2007) go on to say that organizations must anticipate and respond to environmental changes to ensure competitiveness and, ultimately, survival. The basic assumptions underlying much of the strategic management is that successful firms change their strategies to attain a better fit with the environment. 3.1 The key environmental influences PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for formulating business strategies, marketing planning, business and product development. It ensures that the organizations performance is aligned positively with the external forces of change that could impact business environment. (Report Buyer, 2008) According to Strickland and Thompson (1996), firms cannot directly control these external factors. It is stated by Johnson and Scholes (2002) that environmental forces which will be especially important for one organization may not be important for another. For example a retailer may only be concerned with local customer tastes and behaviour, whereas a global company such as Avon will be primarily concerned with government relations and understanding future policies of individual country governments with different political systems. Other factors will be the ability to compete with multinational rivals The PEST framework categorises environmental influences into four main types: political, economic, social, technological. The PEST analysis for Avon is discussed further in appendix 6. From the discussion, it is now possible to identify a number forces for change and forces against change. Carnall (1999) suggests that when major changes are in preparation, or are being implemented, it makes sense to prepare for, and manage change in the more professional ways. Lewin (1951, cited in Hayes, 2002) developed one of the ways called Force Field Analysis. According to Johnson et al. (2005), a force field analysis provides a view of change problems that need to be tackled, by identifying forces for and against change. Carnall (1999) suggests that Force Field analysis proceeds in four stages. Avons major strategy change has been used to conduct a Force field analysis in four stages. See appendix 7 for stages 1 and 2. The key points will now be used to proceed to stages 3 and 4. 3.2 Managing strategy change Lewin (1951) argued that change can only be effectively implemented when the forces driving change exceed the forces restraining change. Stage 3 underlines the forces that are the most important, builds on the change drivers and list actions to reduce the strengths of the restraining forces. In order to decide how Avons strategic change can be implemented, the strengths of the forces will be analysed by reducing the strengths of the forces opposing the change and increasing the forces pushing the change. A SWOT analysis will also be helpful as Avon will be able to use the top rated opportunities, exploit the top-rated strengths, counter the top-rated threats and rectify the top-rated weaknesses. Wickham (2000) states that, a SWOT analysis is an audit of the impact of environmental trends on the business and its external capabilities in terms of responding to them. Nutt and Backoff (1992, cited in Joyce, 1999) recommends combining SWOT analysis with a strategic issue agenda to identif y possible strategic actions. A SWOT analysis for Avon has been explored further in appendix 8. It is stated by Mullins (2002) that an organization can only perform effectively through interactions with the broader external environment. The force field analysis from appendix 7 resulted in a driving change force of 17 and a restraining change force of 21. These figures indicate that despite there being many incentives for a major strategy change within Avon, there are slightly more factors restraining the strategy change. Those individual forces that scored highest (with a score of 5) will now be discussed in greater detail below in order to better assess their impacts. The SWOT analysis in appendix 8 will help to increase the forces pushing the change and reduce the strengths the forces opposing the change. 3.3 Key driving forces for change The level of government intervention worldwide Having a presence in well over 100 countries, Avon is subject to foreign laws, rules, regulations or policies such as restrictions on trade, import and export license requirements, tariffs and taxes.(Avon, 2008) For example in China, the governments decision to ban door-to-door selling, as part of an effort to crack down on pyramid schemes, presented a threat. (Euromonitor, 2006) However in March 2006, the Chinese government granted a direct selling-selling licence. Since then Avon has recruited 300,000 door-to-door representatives in China, thus improving the economy of the country in terms of unemployment. Avon must continue to expand in other developing countries to prove how influential the Avon direct sales method can be and how it can transform the lives of women and achieve economic independence. Lucrative, innovative and fast paced industry In the cosmetic industry, consumers demands and needs change overtime. In order to satisfy the consumers, cosmetics firms are forced to innovate a new product, replace a product, or upgrade its products to meet the demands of consumers at all levels. (Akers and Porter, 1995 cited in Kumar et al. 2006) Through their research and development team in New York, Avon are developing new products and focusing on new technology and product innovation to deliver first-to-market products. (Avon, 2008) Although Avons chief marketing tool is its brochure, it should now expand its global advertising presence and communicate a more unified brand image throughout its international markets 3.4 Key restraining forces for change Cultural differences worldwide Although women all over the world have similar aspirations when it comes to beauty products and share the same desire to look their best, the challenge is to bring out differently formulated products to suit different skins colours and textures. Another factor, climate, should be considered when comparing regional preferences for cosmetics products. For example talc is used in hot countries to relieve perspiration, while in colder regions such as Russia and Eastern Europe it barely gets a look in. (Matthews, 2006). Product choices by country are also determined by consumers ¹ ability to pay. Avon should still continue to exploit the tremendous growth opportunities in other developing countries. Matthews (2006) states that big multinational companies are using consumer educational campaigns as a key means of promoting growth in countries characterized by low disposable income. For Avon with operations in over 100 countries a question of considerable importance is how does a societys culture affect workplace values? The most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by Geert Hofstede. He used four dimensions and one of them was masculinity versus femininity. (Hill, 2002). This dimension looks at the relationship between gender and work roles. In the case of Avon, feminine cultures sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional feminine values, such as achievement and the exercise of power determined cultural ideals. Avon must consider the cultures of countries that are male dominant. Counterfeiting activity are Eastern Europe and China A counterfeit item is as good as cash. Counterfeiters are not just a few guys in a shed mixing cream and pouring them into a tin. They are linked to organised crime, money laundering and in some cases, even terror groups. And they always find the weakest route to the market. (www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com) According to keynote (2007), the main hubs of counterfeiting activity are Eastern Europe and China. As Avon operates in these two regions, these restraining forces can be reduced by launching anti-counterfeit drives in both regions. It has also been suggested by Eyre (2007) that heat-shrink labels with integrated holograms could help the cosmetics industry in the fight against counterfeiting and forgery. 4 Conclusions This report offers an attempt to understand the major strategic change undergone by Avon Cosmetics Limited. A number of conclusions are evident. Firstly the report evaluated the effectiveness of the change in relation to Avons structure, culture and politics. It was found that the major strategic change does relate to the objectives of the organization and matches the organisationss capability, including its structure, culture and politics. However, being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products and a direct selling organisation, Avon was faced with several challenges in the external environment. The factors were: fierce competitions from multinational companies, consumer behaviour worldwide, government rules and regulations, technological and social background. Finally, in order to manage the strategic change effectively, the report attempted to increase the two main forces pushing the change and reduce the strengths of the two main forces opposing the change. Bibliography Ansoff I., and M c Donnell, E. (1990) Implanting Strategic Management. 2nd Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Brooker, K. (2001) It took a lady to save Avon. Fortune. New York: 144 (7) 202-208 Bradt, G. (2008) 5 Simple steps to build a winning corporate culture. Supervision. Burlington: 69 (3) 13-15 Cameron, E., and Green, M. (2004) Making Sense of Change Management. UK: Kogan Page Limited Carnall, C A. (1999) Managing Change in Organisations. 3rd Edition. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Deresky, H. (2000) International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. 3rd Edition. UK: Prentice Hall International Diedenbach, T. (2007) The managerialistic ideology of organisational change management. Journal of Organizational Change Management. Bradford: 20 (1) 126-144 Euromonitor (2006) China green light for direct sales heats up cosmetics and toiletries race. (Online) Available from http://www.euromonitor.com/Chinas_green_light_for_direct_sales_heats_up_cosmetics_and_toiletries_race. Accessed on 08/03/08 Eyre, C (2007) Anti-counterfeit technology for cosmetics. (Online). Available from http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/news/ng.asp?id=79126. Accessed on 08/03/08 Goll, I., Johnson, N B., and Rasheed, A A. (2007) Knowledge capability, strategic change, and firm performance; The moderating role of the environment. Management Decision. London: 45 (2) 161 Hayes, J. (2002) The Theory and Practice of Change Management. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Hill, C W L., (2002) Global Business Today. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Hughes, M. (2006) Change Management. A critical perspective. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Johnson, G., and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 6th Edition. Harlow (UK): Prentice Hall Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 7th Edition. Harlow (UK): Prentice Hall Joyce, P. (1999) Strategic Management for the Public Services, Buckingham Open University Press Keynote, (2007) Cosmetics and Fragrances. Market Report Plus. (Online). Available from http://www.keynote.co.uk. Accessed 18/02/08 Kumar, S., Massie, C., Dumonceaux, MD. (2006) Comparative innovative business strategies of major players in cosmetic industry. Industrial Management and Data Systems. 106 (3) 285-322 Lawler, E E., and Worley, C G. (2006) Designing organisations that are built to change. MIT Sloan Management Revie. Cambridge: 48 (1)19 Lynch, R. (2000) Corporate Strategy (2nd edition), Harlow (UK), FT Prentice Hall Matthews, I (2006) Targeting Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Beauty. (Online). Available from http://www.in-cosmetics.com/page.cfm/T=m/Action=Press/PressID=344 Accessed on 08/03/08 Mead, R. (1994) International Management: Cross Cultural Dimensions. Oxford: Balckwell Publishers Mintel (2006) Make-up -UK Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J B., and Ghoshal, S. (2003) The Strategy Process. 4th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited Mullins, L J. (2002) Management and Organisational Behaviour. 6th Edition. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall MultiChannel Marketing (2007) Avon Cosmetics. (Online). Available from http://www.multichannel.co.uk. Accessed on 27/02/08 Pellet, J. (2000) Ding-dong Avon stalling? Chief Executive. New York: (156) 26-31 Report Buyer (2008) Indian Cosmetics Sector: PEST Analysis. (Online). Available from http://www.reportbuyer.com/consumer_goods_retail/cosmetics_grooming/indian_cosmetics_sector_pest_analysis.html. Accessed on 03/03/08 Rose, S. (2000) Remaking the Avon lady. Money. New York: 29 (2) 46-49 Schneider, S C., and Barsoux, J L. (1997) Managing Across Cultures. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Sopow, E. (2007) The impact of culture and climate on change. Strategic HR Review. Chicago: 6 (2) 20 Stacey, R D. (2003) Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. 4th Edition. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Strickland, A. J., and Thompson, A. A. (1996) Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. 9th Edition. London: Irwin Trim, P., and Lee Y (2007) Placing organisational learning in the context of strategic management. Business Strategy Series: 8 (5) 335-342 Wickham, P D. (2000) Financial Times Corporate Strategy Casebook. Harlow (UK): FT Prentice Hall Wilkinson, T J., McAlister, A., and Widmier, S. (2007) Reaching the international consumer: An assessment of the international direct marketing environment. Direct Marketing. 1 (1) 17-37 www.avon.uk.com www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com Appendix 1- Avons History Avon began life as the California Perfume Company in America in 1886, giving women an opportunity to earn by selling fragrance and cosmetics door to door. Mrs P.F.E Albee was the very first agent taken on by the companys founder David H McConnell, who started life as a door to door book salesman giving away small bottles of perfume which proved to be more popular than the books themselves. In 1939, the company name was changed to Avon and twenty years later, began trading in the UK. Avon Cosmetics Ltd is one of the top 3 beauty brands in the country with growing market share in the UK beauty market. Since then Avon has established itself as a global leader in the beauty industry, serving to customers in over 100 countries around the world. Avon is now largest direct selling cosmetics organisation in the world and their product lines include the well-known brands Anew, Skin So Soft, Avon Colour, Advance Techniques and Today. The product categories include: cosmetics, fragrance, skincare .toiletries, fashion jewellery, watches, home products, gifts, candles, toys, lingerie, health, fitness and wellbeing products. Being a direct selling organisation, Avons shop window is its brochure. The brochure offers a wide selection of beauty and related products at affordable prices. Customers have access to these brochures either at home, work, social or leisure activities. Avon is committed to excellence- every beauty product that carries the Avon name carries with it the highest standards of product safety and integrity. Avon products are enjoyed by millions of women around the globe in over 100 countries through over 5 million independent sales Representatives often known as the Avon lady. Avons vision statement is to: To be the company that best understands and satisfies the product service and self-fulfilment needs of women globally (Avon, 2008) (Keynote, 2007) Appendix 2 Avons organisational structure Avons business is conducted worldwide primarily in one channel, direct selling. They are based on geographical operations in six regions. See below: Avon has sales operations in 63 countries, including America and Avon products are distributed in 51 more countries through distributorships. Sales of products are made through a combination of direct selling and marketing by 5.3 million Avon representatives worldwide. Representatives generally purchase products at a discount from a published brochure price directly from Avon and sell them to their customers. In many countries, representatives can use the internet to manage their own business online, including order submission, order tracking, payment, and a two way communication with Avon. In the US, representatives can build their own Avon business through personalised web pages. The research and development facility is located in New York. A team of researchers and technicians apply the disciplines of science to the practical aspects of bringing products to market around the world. Relationships with dermatologists and other specialists enhance the ability to deliver new formulas and ingredients to market. Satellite research facilities are also located in Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico and Poland (Avon, 2008). Appendix 3 Avons cultural web using model from Johnson and Scholes (2002, p232, fig 5.8) Stories Building bonds with women worldwide since 1886 to achieve economic independence and transform their lives Symbols Ding-Dong Avon calling. Worlds leading direct selling company of beauty and related products Power Chairman and CEO Vice Chairman Executive Vice Presidents Senior Vice Presidents for each of the six regions Routines Avon rep delivering brochures to own neighbourhood, customer chooses products, orders collected by rep products delivered back to customers (worldwide) Paradigm To be the beauty company most women turn to worldwide and creating lifelong customer relationships Controls High standards of product safety and integrity, rigorous quality controls on every product batch and no animal testing Organisation A flatter structure, equal opportunity employer where talent dedication are rewarded a whole range of training opportunities is available (Brooker, 2001) (Pellet, 2000) (Rose, 2000) (Avon, 2008) Appendix 4 The key beliefs of organisations as political systems are: à ¢- ª You cannot stay out of organisational politics as you are already in it; à ¢- ª Building support for your approach is essential if you want to make anything happen; à ¢- ª You need to know who is powerful, and who they are close to; à ¢- ª There is an important political map which overrides the organisational structure; à ¢- ª Coalitions between individuals are more important than work teams; à ¢- ª The most important decisions in an organisation is the allocation of resources, that is , who gets what, and these are reached through bargaining and negotiating. The above key beliefs lead to the following assumptions about organisational change: à ¢- ª The change will not work unless it is supported by a powerful person; à ¢- ª The wider the support for this change the better; à ¢- ª It is important to understand the political map, and to understand who will be winners and losers as a result of this change; and à ¢- ª Positive strategies include creating new coalitions and renegotiating issues Morgan (1986, cited in Cameron and Green, 2004) Appendix 5- Avons stakeholder analysis Bohret (1993, cited in Joyce 1999) suggests that drawing up tables of values to explore the goals and expectations of different social groups. See below for the stakeholder analysis for Avon. Stakeholder Power Interest Attitude Needs/expectations Government Worldwide H H Mixed Avon to meet or exceed all environmental laws of the countries and communities they operate Executive team H H Positive To give full recognition to employees and representatives worldwide, on whose contributions Avon depends and to share with others the rewards of growth and success All other employees L H Positive To achieve economic independence and an opportunity to earn in support of their well-being and happiness Customers L L Positive Active interest in cosmetics and fragrances and keen to look after their ap

Fishes :: essays research papers

There are two classes of fishlike creatures in the Chordate Phylum. The first is Chondrichthyes Class, which comprises mainly of Sharks and Rays. The seconds is the common Bony fishes of the class Ostechithyes. The apparent similarities between each speech are only skin deep. They have similar dapperly solely because of convergent evolution and not because of any close evolution connection. There paired fins can identify class Chrondrichthyes, which comprises namely of sharks and rays, their completely cartilaginous skeletons and biting jaws characteristic of the group. Chrondrichthyes are mainly carnivorous, and the sharks have highly adept senses for vision, olfaction, and hearing. They even posses a system of microscopic organs which can detect changes in water pressure around the shall. Sharks do not possess gills flaps like a fish so a shark must continuously move in order to obtain enough oxygen to survey. The large teeth of a shark are evolutionarily derived from jagged skin scales. Which are apparent on shark’s ancestor’s Placodermi class. The digestion system of a shark contains a “spiral valve'; intestinal system, which increases the surface area and lengthens the time food is digested in the unusually short intestine system of a shark. Sharks sexually reproduce. Unlike a shark, rays have flattened bodies so they can hide themselves in the sa nd at the bottom of any shallow water area and wait for a meal. Rays also have a whiplike tail for defense and jaws, which it uses to crush mollusks and crustaceans. Class Osterrichhthyes has the most separate species of any vertebrate class. Unlike their oceanic cosines Bony fish have a skeleton made from calcium phosphate and a slimy skin covered by bony armorlike scales. Fish of the Osterrichhthyes class have gill flaps call an operculum. On the side of there head which have flaps that move while the fish is stationary drawing in water which the fish can convert into oxygen. An unusual characteristic of bony fish is that they can control their density and this control their buoyancy by means of a unique swim bladder. Fish system of flexible fins in another adaptation the fish have made. Unlike sharks bony fishes fertile externally and even in the Osterrichhthyes Class there is great variation in reproductive techniques. There are two distinct subclasses of fishes, Ray finned and fleshy finned, each has a common ancestor. Though divergent evolution the ray finned fish have become a separate class from the fleshy finned.

Kitchen Tools and Equipments

In the Preparation of Food Before Cooking A. Measuring and Weighing utensils 1. Measuring cups a. Dry Ingredients – Utensils for measuring various amounts of dry or sticky ingredients accurately. They must be filled to the top and leveled off. B. Liquid Ingredients – utensil to accurately measure lulls volume of Ingredients. Often In both metric and American units. 2. Measuring quart – 3. Measuring spoon – utensils for measuring small amounts of both dry and liquid ingredients accurately. 4. Dietetic scales 5.Thermometers – Useful device for determining cooking done-news, especially in meats. Can be metal and inserted and read while cooking or an instant-read type. Categories Include: candy, meat, oven and refrigerator for food storage. 6. Timers B. Cutlery and Aids in Chopping, Paring, Slicing, Pounding, etc. 1. Can opener device used to cut open metal cans using 2 blades and a rotating handle device. 2. Cleaver 3. Chopper – 4. Corer  œ 5. Cutting board – Protective tool for cutting. This way counter tops are not marred. It can be sanitized and stored In a dry place. 6. Food mill – .Grater and shredder – A cutting tool used to shred or grate foods like potatoes, cabbage, cheese or if the surface is fine, to zest lemons or ginger 8. Grinder – 9. Ice pick- 10. Juicer – Device for easy extraction of Juice from citrus and other fruits and vegetables. 11 . Kitchen knife – All purpose large knife used to slice, mince, chop, cube and dice. 12. Kitchen sharpener – Device to ensure that all blades are sharp for easy cutting and few accidents due to dull knives. 13. Kitchen shears – Tool used to cut foods and materials used in the kitchen. 14. Meat saw – 15.Meat tenderfeet – Hammer-like device used to pound thick portions of meat till they are thinner and more tender. 16. Mortar and pestle – 17. Paring knife – All purpose small knife used a s an extension of the hand for small cuts, garnishes, paring or coring. 18. Peeler – Tool to remove the outer layer of fruits and vegetables. 19. Salad maker – 20. Utility plates, bowls, and trays (tins or enamel) C. Tools for Mixing, Blending, Straining, and Rolling 1 . Blender – Electric piece of cooking equipment used for fine chopping, grinding and liquefying ingredients. 2. Basting spoon – 3.Colander – A bowl with holes to allow liquids to pass through. Used for separating beater – Tool used to speedily mix or whip ingredients. The fore-runner of the electric mixer. 5. Sifter – Small device used to move dry ingredients across a screen area to remove any lumps and mix and aerate them. 6. Ice cream maker – 7. Kitchen tool set – 8. Mixer, electric – Electric device that can vary the speed at which ingredients are mixed. Some models have specialized attachments for other tasks such as making pasta, grinding meat and freezing ice creams. 9. Mixing bowls (a set of 1, 2, 3, 4 sets) –These basic kitchen utensils have varying sizes and can be in metal, plastic or glass/ ceramic. Used for mixing ingredients. 10. Pastry wire blender – Hand held utensil used to â€Å"cut† firm shortening or butter into small pieces while mixing with flour mixtures which is the first step in making most pastry. 11. Rolling pin – Tool used to flatten dough for rolls, pizza, cookies or crusts. 12. Rubber scraper or rubber spatula – Used for mixing, folding soft ingredients and to remove ingredients from a bowl or plate. 13. Slotted spoon – Used to stir foods that are in liquids and to separate the lid foods from the liquids when serving. 14.Tea strainer – 15. Turner – Used to flip flapjacks or burgers or serve bars and cake. 16. Utility plates – II. Equipment for Surface of Top-of-Stove Cooking and for Baking A. Surface or top-of-stove cooking 1 . Bread to aster – 2. Casseroles with lid – Glass or ceramic baking container, often with a matching lid. 3. Coffee maker – 4. Covered skillet or chicken fryer – 5. Double broiler – Pan used to gently cook foods in an upper pan while it sits above another pan of hot to boiling water. 6. Dutch oven – 7. Egg poacher – 8. Frying pan – 9. Griddles – 10. Kitchen tongs – Utensil used to lift and hold foods while they are being cooked or served. 1. Pressure cooker – 12. Racks-assorted to fit saucepans – 13. Roaster pans with rack – 14. Saucepans – 15. Saucepans – 16. Steamer – 17. Turner – 18. Tea kettle – Vessel used to hold hot water for making and pouring tea. Can be of metals, ceramic or glass. 19. Waffle iron – B. Baking Utensils 1 . Baking pans – Baking pan traditionally used for breaking, but also useful for meatloaf, loaf cakes and banana bread. Can be me tal, glass or ceramic. 2. Cake 3. Cookie sheets – Thin, flat metal pan with no or only shallow sides used to bake a rarity of foods. 4.Custard cups – Small glass bowl handy in the kitchen for breaking an egg, holding small amounts of ingredients or for small mixing Jobs. 5. Casseroles 6. Jelly roll pans – Larger, flat baking pan with shallow sides used for making sheet cakes, bars and Jelly roll cakes. 7. Muffin or cupcake pans – Pan that is divided into many smaller sized compartments to hold foods so that they bake evenly and quickly; Often lined with paper liners. 8. Pie plate – Metal or glass or ceramic pan shaped slightly larger at the top than the bottom for easier removal off fruit filled pastry. 9. Roasting pans with racks – 10. Ring molds –

Mental Illness And Mental Disorders - 826 Words

Mental illness; the term has increasingly become mainstream, as seen on the television, newspapers, and twitter. Shortly after the fatal shooting of a new screw in Virginia the word got around that the gunman had shown symptoms of a mental condition. A mental disorder is prolonged dysfunction in thoughts behavior and/or emotions that significantly deviates from common human behavior. During his life This individual was never diagnosed of this condition however after analysis of the terrible shooting and other events which led to the shooting showed major disturbance of his mind. With the recent advancement of psychology, the once underlying and difficult to interpret conditions have been exposed and step are being taken to overcome mental disorders. However, there is still debate of how mental disorders are viewed in the community and when thinking outside the norm turns into a mental condition. In the case of the Virginia shooter some analyst argued that the shooter was mentally wel l with wrong morals whereas some argued in favor of the existence of a mental condition. Taking a look at the major life events preceding the shooting, an insight into his mental health can be used to determine type of disorder he might have had. For instance, he had recently been fired from the same news agency for misconduct and many complains which had been filed against him. His Facebook and Twitter accounts showed that he felt out of control of his life, stress of losing a job and a lot ofShow MoreRelatedMental Illness : A Mental Disorder1463 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone. A statistic from the National Institute of Mental Health, or NIMH, stated that in 2010 7.4% of the population had some sort of mental or behavioral disorder. This means that around 510,600,000 people suffered from some form of mental or behavioral disorder in 2010 alone. Now, with all this information we must first ask, what is a mental illness? The definition given by the National Alliance of Mental Illness, or NAMI, states that â€Å"A mental illness is a condition that impacts a person’s thinkingRead MoreMental Illness : A Mental Disorder1033 Words   |  5 Pageswith a mental illness? A mental illness can be caused by a substance abuse, a hereditary problem, and injuries or defects related to the brain. Having a mental illness gives sensations and thoughts as if one were insane and in need of an asylum. Living with a mental illness is difficult because people tend to feel alone in the world. It truly is a sad and desperate feeling. Sometimes, it even seems to be the worst feeling in the world. Anxious feelings, or anxiety disorders, are a type of mental illnessesRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Disorders Essay2211 Words   |  9 PagesIt not easy to determine how many people suffer from mental illness. This is due to the changing definitions of mental illness and problems classifying, diagnosing, and reportin g mental disorders. There are social stigmas attached to mental illness, such as being labeled crazy, being treated as a danger to others, and being denied jobs or health insurance coverage. These negative connotations keep many sufferers from seeking help, and many of those in treatment do not reveal it on surveys. SomeRead MoreMental Illness Of Mental Health Disorders1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen gathered on mental illnesses and their prevalence. Before around the 1980’s though, the evidence that was gathered on mental illnesses was too inconsistent to be credible. In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization’s department of World Mental Health, data was gathered on the prevalence of mental health disorders in 14 countries around the world. The results of these surveys conclude that mental health disorders are more prevalent than any other chronic illness. The author of theRead MoreMental Disorders: Causes of Mental Illness1297 Words   |  5 Pageshow is it triggered? What does anxiety do to the body and what can it lead to? How can it be coped with or treated? This paper will thoroughly discuss the answers to these questions in a manner that is easy to digest. First, anxiety is a mental disorder that is plaguing not only the United States, but the entire earth. It can be defined as a vague uneasy feeling of discomfort, dread, or apprehension caused by anticipation of danger. These feelings are also accompanied by an autonomic responseRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Mental Illness802 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is known to be a mental illness. A mental illness can be described as a number of things. When talking about bipolar disorder being a mental illness it is described as lacking certain area in the brain. There are two stages of bipolar disorders, Type one and Type two. Type one is more severe than type two. Bipolar disorders began approximately around in the nineteenth century. Bipolar disorder was founded and introduced by both Jean-Pierre Falret a French psychiatrist and Emil KraepeinRead MoreEating Disorders are a Mental Illness1431 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eating disorders are m ental illnesses that involve an obsession with food, extremely unhealthy eating behaviors and a distorted body image. They are complicated, serious disorders. The group that eating disorders affects the most are typically girls through the ages of sixteen and twenty years old. Although teenage eating disorders are typically believed to be caused by depression or genetic factors, social media has worsened the problem by the huge increase in peer pressure girls endureRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Illness2097 Words   |  9 PagesBipolar disorder, also called manic depression, is a systemic disorder that affects a person both mentally and physically. While talking about diseases and disorders may be hard for some, it is vital that we do in order to have an understanding of them. Bipolar disorder affects so many people in the world that it is highly likely that you probably know someone suffering from it. It is a disorder that we are still making discoveries about each and every day, and will continue to do so in order to satisfyRead MoreIs Schizoaffective Disorder A Mental Illness?1786 Words   |  8 PagesA Schizoaffective disorder is a mental illness. The symptoms of this illness include having strange or unusual thoughts or perceptions, paranoid thoughts and ideas, delusion (i.e. having false, fixed beliefs), hallucination, such as hearing voices, and experience disorganized thinking (i.e. unclear and confused thoughts). They may have manic episodes or a sudden increase in energy and behavioural displays that are out of character. They may become irritable and have poor temper control, and evenRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder Of Mental Illness?809 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of mental illness. Another way to describe this disorder is to lost the touch with reality. Schizophrenia is less common than any other mental disorder; therefore, treatments can be different. This disease is likely to occur between age of 16 to 30, or may develops in children if problem occurs during the birth. In that regard, a person with the schizophrenia suffers six months or a month or less, if proper treatments given. One of the